The Piers Plowman Electronic Archive, Vol. 7: <list><item>London, British Library, MS Lansdowne 398 </item><item>Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Rawlinson Poetry 38</item></list> – Passus 18William LanglandEdited by Robert AdamsAssociate Editors: Patricia R. Bart, M. Gail Duggan and Catherine A. FarleyTechnical Editor: Daniel Pitti Graduate Research AssistantMichael Blum, John Ivor Carlson, Carrie Lindley, Janice McCoy, Ashley Opps, Timothy L. Stinson, and Jordan Taylor. Computer Consultants and ProgrammersRobert Bingler, Shayne Brandon, Cynthia Girard, Chris Jessee, Daniel Pitti, David Seaman, and John Unsworth.The Medieval Academy of America and SEENET by Boydell and Brewer, LTDWoodbridge, SuffolkISBN: (Individual) 9781843840947 (Institutional): 9781843840930

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2006 </titleStmt><editionStmt><edition>Combined facsimile & documentary edition.</edition><respStmt><resp>Identification of hands</resp><name>IRA = Robert Adams</name></respStmt></editionStmt><extent>1 computer optical disk : col. ; 4 3/4 in.</extent><publicationStmt><publisher>The Medieval Academy of America and <hi rend="bold">SEENET</hi>, by Boydell and Brewer, LTD.</publisher><pubPlace>Woodbridge, Suffolk</pubPlace><date> </date><idno type="callNo">Source copy consulted: London, British Library, MS Lansdowne 398 and Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Rawlinson Poetry 38</idno></publicationStmt><seriesStmt><p>SEENET, A.9 </p></seriesStmt></biblFull></sourceDesc></fileDesc><encodingDesc><editorialDecl><p> <list><head>Attribute Values</head><item> <label>br</label> <term>brown ink</term></item><item> <label>ab</label> <term>anglicana bastarda</term></item><item> <label>it</label> <term>italic</term></item><item> <label>lc</label> <term>Lombard Cap</term></item><item> <label>o[number]</label> <term>ornamented capital, N lines high</term></item><item> <label>rb</label> <term>rubricated</term></item><item> <label>tr</label> <term>touched in red</term></item><item> <label>tx</label> <term>textura</term></item><item> <label>ul</label> <term>underlined</term></item><item> <label>ur</label> <term>underlined in red</term></item><item> <label>gr</label> <term>green ink</term></item><item> <label>bl</label> <term>blue ink</term></item></list></p></editorialDecl></encodingDesc><profileDesc><langUsage><language id="lat">Latin</language><language id="fre">French</language><language id="ger">German</language></langUsage><handList><hand id="hand1"/><hand id="hand2"/><hand id="handsecx"/><hand id="handx"/><hand id="hand15x"/><hand id="handrub2"/><hand id="handrub3"/><hand id="handitalx"/><hand id="hand16x"/><hand id="handmodx"/></handList></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change><date>November 2005 </date><respStmt><resp>revise header, update DTD and ent files </resp><name>Hoyt N. Duggan </name></respStmt><item>New header created </item></change></revisionDesc></teiHeader><!-- 2012/12/04 PAB converted line numbers and ids to new format. Source text was SVN; COR uncertain. Will need to be rechecked. --><text><body><!-- Transcribed Sean Taylor, 1996 Proofed against MS: IRA 1998 Notes completely revised: IRA 2004- Feb2005 COR transferred to Janice McCoy to have notes inserted 24 March 2005 Revised notes from IRA inserted: JM April 5, 2005 Revised notes based on "More Corrections to R Notes.doc" from IRA: JM June 14, 2005 Changed marginal adds to marginalia: June 17 2005 JM Partial proof entry 1 March 2006 EKK MGD 20060306 HND MGD PRB proof entry finished. 20060405 alpha vs. beta app tagging completed EKK MGD 20060417 app tags proofed except omitted lines HND MGD PRB EKK 20060622 notes checked and corrected for spelling of L EKK 20060626 final app proof MGD PRB EKK 20101012 All shadow hyphen markup entered and proofed. HND --><!-- Transcribed Sean Taylor, 1996 Proofed against MS: IRA 1998? Notes supplied by IRA entered by HND 15, 17 Dec 03 Notes completely revised: IRA 2004- Feb2005 COR transferred to Janice McCoy to have notes inserted 24 March 2005 Revised notes from IRA inserted: JM April 5, 2005 Changed marginal adds to marginalia: June 17 2005 JM Partial proof entry 1 March 2006 EKK MGD 20060306 HND MGD PRB proof entry finished. App tagged 15 March 2006 EKK MGD 20060405 alpha vs. beta app tagging completed EKK MGD 20060417 app proofing completed except line omissions HND MGD PRB EKK 20060622 notes checked and corrected for spelling of L EKK 20060626 final app proof MGD PRB EKK --><!-- Transcribed Sean Taylor, 1996 Proofed against MS: IRA 1998? Notes supplied by IRA entered by HND 15, 17 Dec 03 Notes completely revised: IRA 2004- Feb2005 COR transferred to Janice McCoy to have notes inserted 24 March 2005 Revised notes from IRA inserted: JM April 12, 2005 Revised notes based on "More Corrections to R Notes.doc" from IRA: JM June 14, 2005 Changed marginal adds to marginalia: June 17 2005 JM Partial proof entry 1 March 2006 EKK MGD 20060306 HND MGD PRB finished proof entry. RESUME APP TAG AT R3.221 App tagging complete 03202006 EKK MGD 20060405 alpha vs. beta app tagging completed EKK MGD 200604018 HND MGD PRB app poroofed to KD3.203. 20060419 app proofing finished HND MGD EKK 20060622 notes checked and corrected for spelling of L EKK 20060626 final app proof completed EKK MGD PRB --><!-- Transcribed Sean Taylor, 1996 Proofed against MS: IRA 1998? Notes supplied by IRA entered by HND 15, 17 Dec 03 Notes completely revised: IRA 2004- Feb2005 COR transferred to Janice McCoy to have notes inserted 24 March 2005 Revised notes from IRA inserted: JM April 14, 2005 Changed marginal adds to marginalia: June 17 2005 JM 20060307 HND MGD PRB Proof entry finished. App tags entered 03202006 EKK MGD 20060405 alpha vs. beta app tagging completed EKK MGD 20060622 notes checked and corrected for spelling of L EKK 20060626 final app proof completed EKK PRB Resume at passus 5 --><!-- Transcribed Sean Taylor, 1996 Proofed against MS: IRA 1998? Notes supplied by IRA entered by HND 15, 17 Dec 03 Notes completely revised: IRA 2004-Feb2005 COR transferred to Janice McCoy to have notes inserted 24 March 2005 Revised notes from IRA inserted: JM April 19, 2005 Revised notes based on "More Corrections to R Notes.doc" from IRA: JM June 14, 2005 Changed marginal adds to marginalia: June 17 2005 JM 20060307 HND MGD PRB Proof entry finished. App tags partially completed 03202006 EKK MGD PRB 20060321 App tagging completed MGD PRB 20060405 alpha vs. beta app tagging completed EKK MGD 20060419 app proofing to R5.33 EKK MGD 20060424 HND MGD PRB EKK app tagging completed. 20060622 notes checked and corrected for spelling of L 20060628 final app proof PRB MGD EKK completed. --><!-- Transcribed Sean Taylor, 1996 Proofed against MS: IRA 1998? Notes supplied by IRA entered by HND 15, 17 Dec 03 Notes completely revised: IRA 2004- Feb2005 COR transferred to Janice McCoy to have notes inserted 24 March 2005 Revised notes from IRA inserted: JM April 19, 2005 Revised notes based on "More Corrections to R Notes.doc" from IRA: JM June 14, 2005 Changed marginal adds to marginalia: June 17 2005 JM 20060313 HND MGD PRB Proof entry finished. 20060321 MGD PRB finished app tagging. 20060405 alpha vs. beta app tagging completed EKK MGD 20060425 MGD PRB preliminary app tag proof completed. HND needs to review pink items on Rob's lists. 20060425 HND MGD PRB app proof finished. 20060627 notes checked and corrected for spelling of L EKK 20060703 MGD PRB final app proof completed. --><!-- Transcribed Sean Taylor, 1996 Proofed against MS: IRA 1998? Notes supplied by IRA entered by HND 15, 17 Dec 03 Notes completely revised: IRA 2004- Feb2005 COR transferred to Janice McCoy to have notes inserted 24 March 2005 Revised notes from IRA inserted: JM April 22, 2005 Revised notes based on "More Corrections to R Notes.doc" from IRA: JM June 14, 2005 Changed marginal adds to marginalia: June 17 2005 JM 20060313 HND MGD PRB Proof entry finished. 20060321 MGD PRB app tagging finished. 20060410 MGD EKK alpha vs. beta app tagging completed 20060425 MGD PRB partially proofed app tagging, to R7.69 20060426 HND MGD PRB finished app tag proof. 20060627 notes checked and corrected for spelling of L EKK 20060703 MGD PRB final app proof completed. --><!-- Transcribed Sean Taylor, 1996 Proofed against MS: IRA 1998? Notes supplied by IRA entered by HND 15, 17 Dec 03 Notes completely revised: IRA 2004- Feb2005 COR transferred to Janice McCoy to have notes inserted 24 March 2005 Revised notes from IRA inserted: JM April 22, 2005 Revised notes based on "More Corrections to R Notes.doc" from IRA: JM June 14, 2005 Changed marginal adds to marginalia: June 17 2005 JM 20060313 HND MGD PRB Proof entry finished. 20060321 MGD PRB app tagging finished. 20060410 MGD EKK alpha vs. beta app tagging finished. 20060426 HND MGD PRB app proofed to R8.51. 20060501 MGD PRB preliminary app proof finished. Awaits HND session. 20060502 MGD PRB HND finished app proofing session with HND. 20060627 notes checked and corrected for spelling of L EKK 20060703 MGD PRB begun; MGD PRB EKK finished final app proof 20060705 --><!-- Transcribed Sean Taylor, 1996 Proofed against MS: IRA 1998? Notes supplied by IRA entered by HND 15, 17 Dec 03 Notes completely revised: IRA 2004- Feb2005 COR transferred to Janice McCoy to have notes inserted 24 March 2005 Revised notes from IRA inserted: JM April 28, 2005 Revised notes based on "More Corrections to R Notes.doc" from IRA: JM June 14, 2005 Changed marginal adds to marginalia: June 17 2005 JM Changed note to 8.186 added for ROB: Nov 25 2005 HND 20060313 HND MGD PRB Proof entry finished. 03272006 App tagging completed EKK MGD PRB 20060410 alpha vs. beta app tagging finished MGD EKK 20060501 HND MGD PRB app proofing finished. 20060627 notes checked and corrected for spelling of L EKK 20060705 final app proof MGD PRB EKK --><!-- Transcribed Sean Taylor, 1996 Proofed against MS: IRA 1998? Notes supplied by IRA entered by HND 15, 17 Dec 03 Notes completely revised: IRA 2004- Feb2005 COR transferred to Janice McCoy to have notes inserted 24 March 2005 Revised notes from IRA inserted: JM April 28, 2005 Revised notes based on "More Corrections to R Notes.doc" from IRA: JM June 14, 2005 Changed marginal adds to marginalia: June 17 2005 JM 20060313 HND MGD PRB Proof entry finished. 03272006 App tagged EKK MGD (see section from KD297-308 for line omission issue) 20060410 alpha vs. beta app tagging finished MGD EKK 20060502 MGD PRB app proof through to R10.328, resume at R10.329 20060502 HND MGD PRB finished app proofing. 20060621 PRB started corrected to spelling of L in notes here at passus 10. EKK started at Prologue. 20060629 notes checked and corrected for spelling of L EKK 20060705 final app proof completed MGD PRB EKK --><!-- Transcribed Sean Taylor, 1996 Proofed against MS: IRA 1998? Notes supplied by IRA entered by HND 15, 17 Dec 03 Notes completely revised: IRA 2004- Feb2005 COR transferred to Janice McCoy to have notes inserted 24 March 2005 Revised notes from IRA inserted: JM June 1, 2005 Revised notes based on "More Corrections to R Notes.doc" from IRA: JM June 14, 2005 Changed marginal adds to marginalia: June 17 2005 JM 03273006 partial app tagging EKK MGD PRB 20060328 app tagging completed, some not entered (such as omitted lines and questionable lemmata), none proofed, MGD, EKK, PRB. 20060410 alpha vs. beta app tagging finished MGD EKK 20060503 partial app proofing completed MGD HND EKK 20060510 app proofing completed MGD EKK 20060516 final app proofing HND MGD PRB finished. 20060629 notes checked and corrected for spelling of L EKK 20060705 final app proof completed MGD PRB EKK --><!-- Transcribed Sean Taylor, 1996 Proofed against MS: IRA 1998? Notes supplied by IRA entered by HND 15, 17 Dec 03 Notes completely revised: IRA 2004- Feb2005 COR transferred to Janice McCoy to have notes inserted 24 March 2005 Revisions entered May 23, 2005 JM Revised notes based on "More Corrections to R Notes.doc" from IRA: JM June 14, 2005 Changed marginal adds to marginalia: June 17 2005 JM 20060328 App tagging begun MGD, PRB 20060328 MGD PRB app tagging completed, but ommitted lines and some odd or questionable instances not tagged, and none proofed. 20060410 alpha vs. beta app tagging finished MGD EKK 20060511 partial app proofing MGD HND EKK 20060516 MGD PRB finished app proof, and HND proof entry finished 20060629 notes checked and corrected for spelling of L EKK 20060705 final app proof completed MGD PRB EKK --><!-- Transcribed Sean Taylor, 1996 Proofed against MS: IRA 1998? Notes supplied by IRA entered by HND 15, 17 Dec 03 Notes completely revised: IRA 2004- Feb2005 COR transferred to Janice McCoy to have notes inserted 24 March 2005 Revised notes from IRA inserted: JM June 1, 2005 Changed marginal adds to marginalia: June 17 2005 JM 20060328 MGD PRB to resume app tagging at R13.443 03392006 EKK MGD completed app tagging except for line omissions which will be tagged later. 20060410 alpha vs. beta app tagging finished MGD EKK 20060516 MGD PRB app proof begun. 20060525 MGD PRB finished app proof, pending HND entry (resume at KD13.200). 20060531 HND MGD PRB finished app proof entry. 20060705 final app proof started 20060710 final app proof completed PRB EKK 20060706 notes checked and corrected for spelling of L EKK --><!-- Transcribed Sean Taylor, 1996 Proofed against MS: IRA 1998? Notes supplied by IRA entered by HND 15, 17 Dec 03 Notes completely revised: IRA 2004- Feb2005 COR transferred to Janice McCoy to have notes inserted 24 March 2005 Revised notes from IRA inserted: JM June 3, 2005 Revised notes based on "More Corrections to R Notes.doc" from IRA: JM June 15, 2005 Changed marginal adds to marginalia: June 17 2005 JM 03292006 EKK MGD app tagging completed except tags where lines are deleted in beta. 20060410 alpha vs. beta app tagging finished MGD EKK 20060531 MGD PRB app proof begun. 20060605 MGD PDG PRB finished app proof, pending HND proof entry. 20060621 MGD HND PRB EKK finished pinks proof entry. 20060705 notes checked and corrected for spelling of L EKK 20060710 final app proof completed PRB EKK --><!-- Transcribed Sean Taylor, 1996 Proofed against MS: IRA 1998? Notes supplied by IRA entered by HND 15, 17 Dec 03 Notes completely revised: IRA 2004- Feb2005 COR transferred to Janice McCoy to have notes inserted 24 March 2005 Revised notes from IRA inserted: JM April 28, 2005 Revised notes based on "More Corrections to R Notes.doc" from IRA: JM June 15, 2005 Changed marginal adds to marginalia: June 17 2005 JM 04032006 EKK MGD partial app tagging complete (not lines omitted in beta) 20060410 alpha vs. beta app tagging finished MGD EKK 20060605 PDG PRB app proof. 20060606 PDG PRB app proof complete pending HND proof entry. 20060621 MGD, HND, PRB, EKK pinks proof entry finished. 20060706 notes checked and corrected for spelling of L EKK 20060710 final app proof started PRB EKK 20060711 final app proof finished MGD PRB --><!-- Transcribed Sean Taylor, 1996 Proofed against MS: IRA 1998? Notes supplied by IRA entered by HND 15, 17 Dec 03 Notes completely revised: IRA 2004- Feb2005 COR transferred to Janice McCoy to have notes inserted 24 March 2005 Corrected notes from IRA inserted: JM 07 June 2005 Revised notes based on "More Corrections to R Notes.doc" from IRA: JM June 15, 2005 Changed marginal adds to marginalia: June 17 2005 JM 04032006 Partial app tagging EKK MGD PRB (except lines omitted in beta) 20060410 alpha vs. beta app tagging finished MGD EKK 20060612 PDG PRB app proof complete pending HND proof entry. 20060707 notes checked and corrected for spelling of L EKK 20060711 final app proof completed MGD PRB --><!-- Transcribed Sean Taylor, 1996 Proofed against MS: IRA 1998? Notes supplied by IRA entered by HND 15, 17 Dec 03 Notes completely revised: IRA 2004- Feb2005 COR transferred to Janice McCoy to have notes inserted 24 March 2005 Notes inserted: JM 07 June 2005 Revised notes based on "More Corrections to R Notes.doc" from IRA: JM June 15, 2005 Changed marginal adds to marginalia: June 17 2005 JM 04032006 EKK PRB partial app tagging RESUME at R17.179 20060404 MGD PRB finished app tagging, but line omissions and other large lacunae not tagged, and proofing is yet to come. Especially important to proof is Rob's "beta manuscripts," which can mean "All beta," "Most beta," "Some beta," etc. We caught most of these, but probably not all. (PRB) 20060410 alpha vs. beta app tagging finished MGD EKK 20060613 PDG PRB app proof complete pending HND proof entry. 20060707 notes checked and corrected for spelling of L EKK 20060711 final app proof begun MGD PRB 20060711 final app proof finished MGD PRB --><!-- Transcribed Sean Taylor, 1996 Proofed against MS: IRA 1998? Notes supplied by IRA entered by HND 15, 17 Dec 03 Notes completely revised: IRA 2004- Feb2005 COR transferred to Janice McCoy to have notes inserted 24 March 2005 Notes from IRA inserted: JM 14 June 2005 Revised notes based on "More Corrections to R Notes.doc" from IRA: JM June 15, 2005 Changed marginal adds to marginalia: June 17 2005 JM 20060410 alpha vs. beta app tagging finished MGD EKK 20060613 PDG PRB partial app proof to KD 18.256 20060619 MGD PRB EKK finished app proof pending pinks check by HND. 20060619 MGD PRB EKK HND pinks check finnished. 20060707 notes checked and corrected for spelling of L EKK 20060711 final app proof begun MGD PRB RESUME AT 18.155. 20060717 final app proof completed EKK PRB --><div1 n="R.18" type="passus"><fw type="guideWords" place="marginLeft" id="R.18.0.f.1"><foreign lang="lat">pass<expan>us</expan> xvj<expan>us</expan></foreign></fw><head id="R.18.0.h.1"><foreign lang="lat"><hi rend="rb">Passus <orig><sic>xvj<add place="inline" hand="handx">j</add><expan>us</expan></sic><corr>xv[ii]j<expan>us</expan></corr></orig><reg><sic>septimus decim<expan>us</expan></sic><corr>[octauus] decim<expan>us</expan></corr></reg> de visione vt sup<expan>ra</expan> . <seg type="lineFiller">—</seg> <seg type="lineFiller">—</seg></hi></foreign> <note type="codicological" id="R.18.0.h.1.n.1"><ref>R.18.0:</ref> An early user has attempted to correct the scribal passus number (which is now undercounted by two) by adding a single brown <j> after the <vj> of the heading.</note></head><lb/><lg type="strophe"><fw type="guideLetters" place="inline" id="R.18.1.f.2">W</fw><l id="R.18.1" n="KD.18.1"> <hi rend="o5"><hi rend="bl">W</hi></hi>olward and wete<seg type="shadowHyphen">-</seg>schode  wente I forth after .</l><l id="R.18.2" n="KD.18.2"> As a reccheles renke  þat of no wo recchetth</l><l id="R.18.3" n="KD.18.3"> And ȝede forth like a lorel  al my Iif<seg type="shadowHyphen">-</seg>tyme .</l><l id="R.18.4" n="KD.18.4"> Til I wex weri of þe worlde  and wilned efte <app loc="R.18.4"><lem wit="R">slepe</lem><rdg wit="All other mss">to slepe</rdg></app><note type="textual" id="R.18.4.n.1"><ref>R.18.4:</ref> The other <hi rend="bold">B</hi> witnesses read <hi rend="it">eft to</hi> for R's <hi rend="it">efte</hi>. Eight <hi rend="bold">C</hi> manuscripts agree with R's omission of <hi rend="it">to</hi> but <hi rend="bold">Cx</hi> presumably read as the <hi rend="bold">B</hi> majority.</note> .</l><l id="R.18.5" n="KD.18.5"> And lened me to a lentene  and longe tyme I sclepte .</l><l id="R.18.6" n="KD.18.9"> And of cristes passiou<expan>n</expan> and penaunce  þe poeple þat of<seg type="shadowHyphen">-</seg>rauȝte .</l><l id="R.18.7" n="KD.18.6"> Rested me þere and rutte faste  til <foreign lang="lat">ramis palmaru<expan>m</expan></foreign> .</l><l id="R.18.8" n="KD.18.7"> Of gurles and of <foreign lang="lat">gloria laus</foreign>  gretliche me dremed .</l><l id="R.18.9" n="KD.18.8"> And how osanna by orgene  olde folke songen .</l></lg><lb/><lg type="strophe"><l id="R.18.10" n="KD.18.10"> ¶ On semblable to þe samaritan  & su<expan>m</expan>del to peres þe plowman .</l><l id="R.18.11" n="KD.18.11"> Barefoet on an asse bake  boteles cam prikyng<expan>e</expan><note type="textual" id="R.18.11.n.1"><ref>R.18.11:</ref> Only Cr agrees with R's form. Cf. beta's <hi rend="it">pryke</hi>. F reads <hi rend="it">springe</hi>, a variant that makes little sense. Presumably, in a copy between alpha and F someone had substituted the synonymous <hi rend="it">spurringe</hi> for alpha's <hi rend="it">prikyng<expan>e</expan></hi>, a mistake magnified by F's misreading. The reading of <hi rend="bold">Cx</hi> here is uncertain, but a majority of the X family copies agree with R.</note> .</l><l id="R.18.12" n="KD.18.12"> With<seg type="shadowHyphen">-</seg>oute spores other sper<expan>e</expan>  <app loc="R.18.12"><lem wit="R F">spracliche</lem><rdg wit="Most beta mss">spakliche</rdg></app><note type="textual" id="R.18.12.n.1"><ref>R.18.12:</ref> This is an alpha variant; beta reads <hi rend="it">spakliche</hi>. However, <hi rend="bold">Cx</hi> almost certainly agrees here with alpha. Cf. note at <ref target="R.17.72">R.17.72:</ref></note> he lokede .</l><l id="R.18.13" n="KD.18.13"> As is þe kende of a kniȝt  þat cometh to be dubbed .</l><milestone n="90r" unit="fol." entity="B.R90r"/><l id="R.18.14" n="KD.18.14"> To geten hym gulte spores  or galoches ycouped .<note type="codicological" id="R.18.14.n.1"><ref>R.18.14:</ref> After this line, the R scribe failed to leave a blank line, his usual custom for dividing verse strophes. No reason beyond oversight is apparent.</note></l></lg><lg type="strophe"><l id="R.18.15" n="KD.18.15"> ¶ Þanne was feith in a fenestre  and criede a <foreign lang="lat">fili dauid</foreign> .</l><l id="R.18.16" n="KD.18.16"> As doth an heraude of armes  whan auntrous cometh to iustes .</l><l id="R.18.17" n="KD.18.17"> Olde Iewes of iherusalem  for ioye þei songe .</l><l id="R.18.18" n="KD.18.17α"> <hi rend="BinR"><foreign lang="lat">B<expan>e</expan>n<expan>e</expan>dictus qui venit in no<expan>m</expan>i<expan>n</expan>e d<expan>omi</expan>ni .</foreign></hi></l></lg><lb/><lg type="strophe"><l id="R.18.19" n="KD.18.18"> ¶ Þanne I frayned at feith  what all<expan>e</expan> þat fare bemente .</l><l id="R.18.20" n="KD.18.19"> And ho <app loc="R.18.20"><lem wit="R">iuste</lem><rdg wit="All other mss">sholde iouste</rdg></app><note type="textual" id="R.18.20.n.1"><ref>R.18.20:</ref> After <hi rend="it">ho</hi>, R uniquely omits <hi rend="it">sholde</hi>. <hi rend="bold">Cx</hi> confirms that this omission is an error.</note> in iherusalem  ihesus he seyde .</l><l id="R.18.21" n="KD.18.20"> And <app loc="R.18.21"><lem wit="R">feccheth</lem><rdg wit="All beta mss">fecche</rdg></app><note type="textual" id="R.18.21.n.1"><ref>R.18.21:</ref> Cf. F's <hi rend="it">fettyn</hi> and beta's <hi rend="it">fecche</hi>. <hi rend="bold">Cx</hi> agrees with beta.</note> þat þe fende claymeth  peres fruit þe plowma<expan>n</expan> .</l><l id="R.18.22" n="KD.18.21"> Is peres in þis place q<expan>uo</expan>d I  and he prent on me .</l><l id="R.18.23" n="KD.18.22"> Þis <expan>ihesus</expan> of his <app loc="R.18.23"><lem wit="R Cr Hm B F">gentrie</lem><rdg wit="Most beta mss">gentrice</rdg></app>  wol iuste in peres armes .</l><l id="R.18.24" n="KD.18.23"> In his helme and in his haubergou<expan>n</expan>  <foreign lang="lat">humana natura</foreign> .</l><l id="R.18.25" n="KD.18.24"> Þat criste be nauȝt <app loc="R.18.25"><lem wit="R L W F">beknowe</lem><rdg wit="Beta (M Cr Hm Y Bo Cot)">knowe(n)</rdg></app> here  for <foreign lang="lat">co<expan>n</expan>sum<expan>m</expan>atus d<expan>eu</expan>s</foreign> .</l><l id="R.18.26" n="KD.18.25"> In peres paltok þe plowman  þis prikiar<expan>e</expan> schal ride .</l><l id="R.18.27" n="KD.18.26"> For no dint schal hym dere  as <foreign lang="lat">in deitate patris</foreign> .</l></lg><lb/><lg type="strophe"><l id="R.18.28" n="KD.18.27"> ¶ Ho schal iuste with <expan>ihesus</expan> q<expan>uo</expan>d I  Iewes or scribes .</l></lg><lb/><lg type="strophe"><l id="R.18.29" n="KD.18.28"> ¶ Nay q<expan>uo</expan>d <app loc="R.18.29"><lem wit="R F">faith</lem><rdg wit="All beta mss">he</rdg></app> <app loc="R.18.29"><lem wit="R F">but þe</lem><rdg wit="Most beta mss">þe foule</rdg></app><note type="textual" id="R.18.29.n.1"><ref>R.18.29:</ref> Where alpha reads <hi rend="it">faith but þe</hi>, beta has <hi rend="it">he þe foule</hi>. <hi rend="bold">Cx</hi> agrees with alpha.</note> fende  and fals dom <app loc="R.18.29"><lem wit="R F">to deye</lem><rdg wit="Most beta mss">& deth</rdg></app> .<note type="textual" id="R.18.29.n.2"><ref>R.18.29:</ref> For alpha's <hi rend="it">to deye</hi>, beta reads <hi rend="it">& deth</hi>. <hi rend="bold">Cx</hi> agrees with alpha.</note></l><l id="R.18.30" n="KD.18.29"> Deth seyth he schal fordo  and adoune bringe .</l><l id="R.18.31" n="KD.18.30"> Alle þat lyueth <app loc="R.18.31"><lem wit="R W F">and</lem><rdg wit="Most beta mss">or</rdg></app><note type="textual" id="R.18.31.n.1"><ref>R.18.31:</ref> For alpha's <hi rend="it">and</hi>, beta reads <hi rend="it">or</hi>. A majority of <hi rend="bold">C</hi> witnesses agrees with beta, but the P family subarchetype may have read <hi rend="it">oþer</hi>.</note> loketh  in londe or in water .</l><l id="R.18.32" n="KD.18.31"> Lif seith þat he <app loc="R.18.32"><lem wit="R L F">likth</lem><rdg wit="Most beta mss">lieþ</rdg></app><note type="lexical" id="R.18.32.n.1"><ref>R.18.32:</ref> Among the beta manuscripts, only L shares alpha's <hi rend="it">lykth</hi>, a variant of <hi rend="it">lieth</hi>. Russell-Kane do not record any <hi rend="bold">C</hi> manuscripts with this spelling.</note>  and leith his lif to wedde .</l><l id="R.18.33" n="KD.18.32"> Þat for al þat deth can do  with<seg type="shadowHyphen">-</seg>inne thre dayes .<note type="codicological" id="R.18.33.n.1"><ref>R.18.33:</ref> An early reader has marked this line in the right margin with a small red cross or star.</note></l><l id="R.18.34" n="KD.18.33"> To walke and fecche fro þe fende  peres fruit þe plowman .</l><l id="R.18.35" n="KD.18.34"> And legge it þere hym liketh  and lucifer bynde .</l><l id="R.18.36" n="KD.18.35"> And <app loc="R.18.36"><lem wit="R">forbite</lem><rdg wit="Bx (L M Cr1 W Hm F)">forbete</rdg></app><note type="textual" id="R.18.36.n.1"><ref>R.18.36:</ref> R's reading is unique; both F and beta show <hi rend="it">forbete</hi>; some beta copies have corrupted this to <hi rend="it">for to bete</hi>. In the <hi rend="bold">C</hi> tradition, three X family manuscripts and most of the P family agree with R's reading.</note> and doun bringe  bale deth for euere .</l><l id="R.18.37" n="KD.18.35α"> <hi rend="BinR"><foreign lang="lat">O <app loc="R.18.37"><lem wit="R">mors mors tua ero</lem><rdg wit="Most beta mss">mors ero mors tua</rdg></app> . <seg type="lineFiller">—</seg></foreign> <note type="textual" id="R.18.37.n.1"><ref>R.18.37:</ref> R's phrasing here is unique; the rest of the <hi rend="bold">B</hi> manuscripts read <foreign lang="lat">O mors ero mors tua</foreign>; however, the majority of the X family of <hi rend="bold">C</hi> reads the line as R does.</note></hi></l></lg><lb/><lg type="strophe"><l id="R.18.38" n="KD.18.36"> ¶ Þanne cam pilatus with muche poeple  <foreign lang="lat">sede<expan>n</expan>s p<expan>ro</expan> tribunali</foreign> .</l><l id="R.18.39" n="KD.18.37"> To se how douȝtiliche deth schulde do  & deme her<expan>e</expan> <app loc="R.18.39"><lem wit="R">beither</lem><rdg wit="Beta (L W Hm O Y)">both(er)es</rdg></app><note type="lexical" id="R.18.39.n.1"><ref>R.18.39:</ref> R's <hi rend="it">beither</hi> is a unique form; F has <hi rend="it">boþe</hi>; LWHm read <hi rend="it">botheres</hi>; M and Cr<hi rend="sup">1</hi> have <hi rend="it">boþes</hi>. There is a similarly wide variety of lections in the <hi rend="bold">C</hi> manuscripts at this point, but none of them shows R's form. However, at C2.69 (Russell-Kane), manuscript F has <hi rend="it">beither</hi>.</note> riȝte .</l><l id="R.18.40" n="KD.18.38"> Þe iewes and þe iustice  aȝeine ih<expan>es</expan>u þei were .</l><l id="R.18.41" n="KD.18.39"> And al here<note type="textual" id="R.18.41.n.1"><ref>R.18.41:</ref> Only L shares <hi rend="it">here</hi> with R; the other beta copies and F agree on <hi rend="it">þe</hi>. The <hi rend="bold">C</hi> version agrees with the reading of F and the beta majority.</note> court on <app loc="R.18.41"><lem wit="R">ih<expan>es</expan>u</lem><rdg wit="Most other mss">hym</rdg></app><note type="textual" id="R.18.41.n.2"><ref>R.18.41:</ref> R's <hi rend="it">ihesu</hi> is unique; <hi rend="bold">Bx</hi> has <hi rend="it">hym</hi>.</note> criede  <foreign lang="lat">crucifige</foreign> scharpe .</l></lg><lb/><lg type="strophe"><l id="R.18.42" n="KD.18.40"> ¶ Þo put hym forth a pilour<expan>e</expan>  bi<seg type="shadowHyphen">-</seg>for pilat and seide .</l><l id="R.18.43" n="KD.18.41"> Þis ih<expan>es</expan>us of oure<note type="textual" id="R.18.43.n.1"><ref>R.18.43:</ref> Here alpha omitted a stave word; cf. beta's <hi rend="it">iewes temple</hi>.</note> <app loc="R.18.43"><lem wit="R F">temple</lem><rdg wit="Most beta mss">iewes temple</rdg></app>  iapede and despisede .</l><l id="R.18.44" n="KD.18.42"> To fordou<expan>n</expan> it <app loc="R.18.44"><lem wit="R M G B F">in</lem><rdg wit="Most beta mss">on</rdg></app><note type="textual" id="R.18.44.n.1"><ref>R.18.44:</ref> R's <hi rend="it">in</hi> is an alpha variant; beta has <hi rend="it">on</hi>. Though four <hi rend="bold">C</hi> manuscripts agree with RF, it is clear that <hi rend="bold">Cx</hi> agrees with beta.</note> a day  and in thre dayes after .</l><l id="R.18.45" n="KD.18.43"> Edifien it eft newe  here he stant þat seyde it .</l><milestone n="90v" unit="fol." entity="B.R90v"/><l id="R.18.46" n="KD.18.44"> And ȝut maken it as muche  in al maner<expan>e</expan> poyntes .</l><l id="R.18.47" n="KD.18.45"> Bothe as longe and as large  <app loc="R.18.47"><lem wit="R B F">a<seg type="shadowHyphen">-</seg>lofte</lem><rdg wit="Most beta mss">bi loft</rdg></app><note type="textual" id="R.18.47.n.1"><ref>R.18.47:</ref> Cf. F's <hi rend="it">on lofte</hi> and beta's <hi rend="it">bi loft</hi>. <hi rend="bold">Cx</hi> agrees with R.</note> and bi grounde .</l></lg><lb/><lg type="strophe"><l id="R.18.48" n="KD.18.46"> ¶ <foreign lang="lat">Crucifige</foreign> q<expan>uo</expan>d a cacchepole  I warante hym a wicche .</l><l id="R.18.49" n="KD.18.47"> <foreign lang="lat">Tolle tolle</foreign> q<expan>uo</expan>d an<seg type="shadowHyphen">-</seg>other  and toke of kene thornes .</l><l id="R.18.50" n="KD.18.48"> And bygan of kene thorne  a gerland to make .</l><l id="R.18.51" n="KD.18.49"> And sette it sore on his heued  & seyde in e<expan>n</expan>uye .</l><l id="R.18.52" n="KD.18.50"> <foreign lang="lat">Aue rabi</foreign> q<expan>uo</expan>d <app loc="R.18.52"><lem wit="R">þe</lem><rdg wit="All beta mss">þat</rdg></app><note type="textual" id="R.18.52.n.1"><ref>R.18.52:</ref> In this noun phrase, R's <hi rend="it">þe</hi> is unique; F has <hi rend="it">þo</hi> and beta has <hi rend="it">þat</hi>. <hi rend="bold">Cx</hi> agrees with beta. As for the following noun, the plural is an alpha variant; beta shows <hi rend="it">rybaud</hi> and <hi rend="bold">Cx</hi> concurs.</note> <app loc="R.18.52"><lem wit="R F">ribaudes</lem><rdg wit="All beta mss">Ribaude</rdg></app>  and threwe redes at hym .</l><marginalia place="marginLeft" hand="hand2" id="R.18.53.m.1">four<expan>e</expan></marginalia><l id="R.18.53" n="KD.18.51"> Nayled hym with thre<note type="textual" id="R.18.53.n.1"><ref>R.18.53:</ref> At this point, beta reads <hi rend="it">thre</hi> while F has <hi rend="it">fowre</hi>. Hand2 has written <hi rend="it">foure</hi> in the left margin and placed a caret before <hi rend="it">thre</hi> (the R scribe's choice). However, <hi rend="it">thre</hi> has not been struck through nor erased, and we see no evidence for Hand2's having had supervisory authority in the production of MS R. The marginal note engages a famous medieval controversy about the details of the Crucifixion. Skeat notes that a "long essay might be written on the wholly unimportant question whether <hi rend="it">three</hi> or <hi rend="it">four</hi> were used in the Crucifixion." <title level="m">The Vision of William concerning Piers the Plowman, in Three Parallel Texts (Oxford: Clarendon, 1886): 2.251. Because of the commonplace nature of the nail dispute, the reading of alpha itself must remain in doubt, but the usual patterns of copying in R and F suggest that alpha was much likelier to have read thre than foure. Kane-Donaldson certainly saw it that way: since R's original reading has not been subpuncted or struck out, they treat R's intended reading as thre, ignoring the marginal foure. nailes  naked vp-ononR.18.53: R's vp-on is unique; the other B witnesses show on. Nevertheless, vp-on may well represent Bx here since the X family of C manuscripts also attests this reading (the P family agrees with beta). þe rode . And poyson on a pole  þei putteput vpR.18.54: R reads this line in harmony with beta except that after putte, R uniquely omits vp from the beta phrase. It is true that F also omits this word, but that fact has no importance for assessing the archetypal reading since F completely transposes the entire Bx line. The X family of C agrees with beta on this lection, but the P family agrees with R in omitting vp. to his lippes . And bede hym drinke his deth euel  hys dayes were I-done . And ȝif þat þow sotyl be  helpe now þi-seluen . Ȝif þow be criste and kynges sone  comme doune of þe rode . Þan schul we leue þat lif þe loueth  & wil nauȝt lete þe deye .Consummatum est quod criste  and comsed for to swowne . Pitousliche and pale  as a prison þat deyeth  TilÞe loreR.18.61: F begins this line with Tyl þe lord; beta reads simply Þe lorde. For the spelling lore, see Richard Jordan, Handbook of Middle English Grammar: Phonology, translated and revised by Eugene Joseph Crook (The Hague: Mouton, 1974): §199, remark 3. Cf. R.5.409: and R.14.184:. of lif and of liȝt  þo leyde his eyȝes to-gidres . ¶ Þe day for drede with-drow  and derk bicam þe sonne . Þe wal waged and clef  and al þe worlde quauede . Dede men for þat dene  come oute of heredepeR.18.64: Alpha had lost the alliterating stave from the b-verse, substituting here for depe (the reading of beta and of Cx). graues . And tolde whi þat tempest  so longe tyme dured . For a bitter bataile  þe dede body seyde . Lif and deth in þis derkenesse  her on fordoth her other . Schal no wiȝte witte witterly  ho schal haue þe maystirie . Er soneday aboute sonne risynge  and sanke with þat til erthe . Summe seyde þat he was godes sone  þat so faire deyede . Vere filius dei erat iste  And somme seyde he was a wicche  gode is assayeþat we assayeR.18.72: The beta b-verse (presumably = Bx) is good is þat we assaye. From this phrase, F omits þat and R leaves out þat we. Cx agrees with beta. . Where he be dede ar nauȝte dede  doun er he be takne . ¶ To theues also  tholed dede þat tyme . Vpon a cros bisides crist  so was þe comune lawe . AcnilR.18.76: F begins the line with But a; beta omits both conjunctions and opens with A. The P family of C manuscripts reads Qikliche cam a, but the X family agrees with beta. a cacchepol cam forth  and craked bothe her legges . And her armes after  of eyther of þo theues . Ac was no boy so bolde  godes body to touche . For he was kniȝt and kynges sone  kynde forȝaf þat throwetyme .R.18.79: For alpha's throwe, beta has tyme. Although beta's reading seems clearly inferior, Cx agrees with it. Þat non harlot were so hardy  to leyn an handR.18.80: Here F reads the plural hondys while R's singular form agrees with beta. R's phrase, an hand, adds the determiner to Bx's text (which reads leyne hande); the addition of an is shared by convergence with Bo, whose corrector caught and deleted it. vppon hym . ¶ Ac þere cam forth a kniȝt  with a kene spere I-grounde . Hiȝt longeus as þe lettre telleth  and longe had lore his siȝte . Bi-fore pilat and other poeple  in þe place he houed . Maugre his many teth  he was made þat tyme . To take þe spere in his honde  and iuste with ihesus . For alle þei were vnhardi  þat houed on hors or stedestode(n) .R.18.86: For alpha's redundant noun stede, beta attests the verb stode. Although the C line is revised, its sense and its final stave agree with beta's stode. To touchetouche hymR.18.87: The beta phrase is To touche hym. Though this line is slightly revised in the C version, it is clear that Cx agrees with beta on this variant. or to taste hym  or take hym doun of rode . But þis blinde bachelereþatnilR.18.88: Some beta copies omit þat; others read þanne. Cx agrees here with alpha. bare hym thoruȝ þe herte . Þe blode sprange doune be þe spere  & opnedvnspered R.18.89: Alpha had lost the alliterating stave from the b-verse, substituting the common synonym opned for beta's vnspered. Cx reads as beta. þe kniȝtes eyȝes . Þan fel þe kniȝte vpon knes  and criede ihesuhymR.18.90: Cf. F's crist and beta's hym. Cx agrees with R. mercy . Aȝeine my wille it was lorde  to wounde ȝow so sore . He siȝede and seyde  sore it me athenketh . For þe dede þat I haue do  I do me in ȝoure grace . Haue on me reuthe riȝtful ihesu  and riȝt with þat he wepte . ¶ Þanne gan feith felli  þe fals iewes despise . Called hem caytyues  acorsed hemnilR.18.96: Beta omits the second hem from this line. Cx agrees with beta. for euere . For þis foule vilenye  veniaunce to ȝow alle . To do þe blinde bete hym I-bounde  it was a boies conseile . Cursed caityues  knyȝthod was it neuere . To mys-do a dede body  bi day or bi niȝte . Þe gre ȝut hath he geten  for alle his grete wounde . ¶ For ȝoure champion chiualere  chef kniȝt of ȝow alle . Ȝelt hym recreaunt rennynge  riȝt at ihesus wille . For be this derkenesse I-do  dethhis deth worth I-venkeschedavenged .R.18.104: In place of alpha's deth worth I-venkesched, beta's b-verse reads his deth worth avenged. Cx agrees with alpha. And ȝe lordeynes han I-loste  for lif schal haue þe maistri . And ȝoure fraunchise þat fre was  fallen is in thraldam . And ȝe cherles and ȝoure children  cheue schal ȝe neuere . Ne haue lordeschippe in londe  ne none lond tulye . But alle barayne be  and vsurie vsen  Whiche is lif þat oure lorde  in alle lawes acorseth . Now ȝoure gode dayes be do  as daniel prophecide . Whan crist cam þeher kyngdomR.18.112: R's þe kyngdom is unique; F shows to his kyngdom while beta reads her kyngdom (though the CrWHm subset attests of hir kyngdom).  þe crounne schulde lesecesse .n iiijusR.18.112: A fragment of a signature remains at the bottom right margin of this leaf: n ii. Cum veniat sanctus sanctorumsanctorum cessabit unixo vextraR.18.113: Alpha omits the rest of the verse, which beta completes by adding cessabit vnxio vestra. The beta version of this citation is also that of the P family of C manuscripts; the X family shows more internal variation, with some of the best witnesses ending the citation at cessat. . ¶ What for fere of þis ferly  and of þoþeR.18.114: R's þo is unique; F and beta have þe. Some C manuscripts read thes, but Cx agrees with beta and F. fals iewes . I drouȝ me in þat derknesse  to descendit ad inferna . And þere I seiȝ sothly  secundum scripturas . Out of þe west cost  a wenche as me thouȝte . Cam walkynge in þatþeR.18.118: R's þat is unique; F and beta read þe. Cx agrees with the B majority. weye  to helwarde sche lokede . Mercy hiȝt þat mayde  a meke thynge with-alle . A ful benygne burde  and buxum of speche . Hire suster as it semede  cam sofly walkynge . Euene out of þe est  and westwarde sche lokede . A ful commely creature  treuthe sche hiȝte . For þe vertue þat hire folwed  aferde was sche neuere . Andnil whanR.18.125: Beta omits alpha's And. Cx agrees with beta. þis maydenes mette  mercy and treuthe . Eyther asked other  of þis grete wonder . Of þe dene and of þe derkenesse  & how þe day rowede . And swichwhichR.18.128: For alpha's swich, beta reads which. Cx agrees with beta. a liȝte and a lem  lay byfor helle . Ich haue ferly of þis fare  in feith seide treuthe . And am wendynge to witte  what þis wondewonde[r]wonder meneth . ¶ Haue no meruayle quod mercy  murthe it betokneth . A maydemayden þat hat marie  and moder with-oute felynge . Of any kendekynnesR.18.133: For alpha's kende, beta reads kynnes. Cx reads either kynde (X family) or kynde of (P family). creature  conseyued thoruȝ speche . And grace of þe holy gost  wex grete with childe . With-outen wem  in-to þis worlde sche brouȝte hym . And þat my tale be trewe  I take god to witnesse . Sith þis barne was bore  ben thretty wynter passed . Wich deyede and deth tholede  þis day aboute mydday . And þat is cause of þis clipps  þat closeth now þe sonne In menynge þat man schal  fro merkenesse be drawe . Þe while þis liȝte and þis lem  schal lucyfer ablende . For patriarkes and prophetes  han preched here-of often . Þat man schal man saue  thoruȝ a maydenes helpe . And þat was tynt þoruȝ tre  tre schal it wynne . And þat deth doun brouȝt  deth schal releue . ¶ Þat þow tellest quod treuthe  is but a tale of waltrott For adam & eue  and abraham with other . Patriarkes and prophetes  þat in peyne lygen . Leue þow neuere þat ȝone liȝte  hem on lofteR.18.149: In place of alpha's on lofte, beta reads alofte. Cx agrees with beta. brynge . Ne haue hem oute of helle  halde þi tonge mercy . It is butbut a trufle þat þow telleste  R.18.151: Beta begins the b-verse with a reiterated pronoun reference: I treuth wote. Cx agrees with beta. treutheI treuth wote þe sothe . For þat is ones in helle  out cometh it neuere . Iob þe prophete patriarche  repreueth þi sawes . Quia in inferno nulla est redempcio . ¶ Þanne mercy ful myldly  mouthed þes wordes . Þoruȝ experience quod he I hope þow schaltþei shalR.18.156: R's þow schalt is unique; F has y shal while beta reads þei shal. Cx agrees with beta. be saued . For venym fordoth venym  and þat I proue be resoun . For of alle venymes  foulest is þe scorpioun . May no medicyne helpe  þe place þere he stengeth . Til he be dede and do þere-to  þe euel he destruyeth . Þe furst venymouste  þoruȝ vertuevenymR.18.161: For alpha's vertue, beta reads venym. Cx agrees with alpha. of hym-sulue . So schal þis deth dofordoR.18.162: Cf. beta's fordo. Cx agrees with beta.  I dar my lif legge . Alle þat deth dede furste  þoruȝ þe deueles entysynge . And riȝt as þoruȝ gile  man was bigyled . So schal grace þat bigan  make a gode sleyȝte . Ars vt artem fallerethfalleretfalleretR.18.166: This obvious Latin spelling mistake is probably attributable to the same general pattern of final <-t> being often equated to final <-th> in this tradition's English spellings (discussed in the Introduction III.2.2.10. ¶ Now suffre we seyde treuthe  I se as me thenketh . Oute of þe nippe of þe north  nauȝt ful fer hennes . Riȝtwisnesse come rennynge  rest we þe while  For heR.18.170: He, "she." wote more þan we  heR.18.170: He, "she." was er we bothe . Þat is soth seide mercy  & I se here bi southe . Where cometh pespees comethR.18.172: R's phrase is reversed in F and beta to pees cometh, but Cx agrees with R. pleyinge  in pacience I-clothed . Loue hath coueyted hire longe  leue I non other But he sent hir somme lettre  what þis liȝt bimeneth . Þat ouerhoueth helle þus  hesheR.18.175: He, "she."R.18.175: Where alpha and L read he (altered to she in L), the other beta copies read she. Cx agrees with alpha and L's original reading. vs schal telle . ¶ Whan pes in pacience clothed  aproched nere hem tweyne . Riȝtwisnesse hire reuerenced  for hire riche clothynge . And preied pes to tel hire  to what place hesheR.18.178: R's he is an alpha variant; beta has she, and Cx agrees with beta. wolde . And in hire gay garmentz  wham hesheR.18.179: He, "she."R.18.179: R's he is an alpha variant; beta has she, and Cx agrees with beta. grete thouȝte .R.18.179: R omits his usual blank line between verse strophes after this line, presumably because the next line is the last ruled one on this side. ¶ Mi wille is to wende quod hesheR.18.180: He, "she."R.18.180: R's he is an alpha variant; beta has she.  and welcome hem alle . Þat many day miȝte I nouȝte se  for merknesse of synne . Adam and eue and other mo in helle . Moyses and many mo  mercy schal haue .R.18.183: Alpha omits the following line from Bx: And I shal daunce þerto do þow so sustre. This beta-attested line also occurs in the C version. For ihesus iusted wel  ioye bigynneth dawe . Ad vesperum demorabitur fletus & ad matutinum leticia . Loue þat is my lemman  suche lettres henilR.18.186: R's he me is unique among the B copies, the others all omitting he. However, a majority of the X family of C reads this phrase in agreement with R. The other C manuscripts agree with beta. me sent . Þat mercymercy my sustreR.18.187: Alpha has obviously dropped a stave. Beta manuscripts add my sustre after mercy. Cx agrees with beta. and I  mankende schulde saue . And þat god hath forgyue  & graunted me pes & mercy . To be mannes meynpernoure  for euere-more after . Lo here þe patent quod pees  In pace in idipsum . And þat þis dede schal duredormiam & requiescam . ¶ What rauestow quod riȝtwisnesse  or þow art riȝt dronke . Leuestow þat ȝonde liȝte  vnlouke miȝte helle . And saue mannes soule  suster wene þownilR.18.194: Beta omits alpha's þow. Cx agrees with beta. it neuere . At þe bigynnynge god  gaf þe dome hym-sulue . Þat adam and eue  and alle þat hem sued . Schulde deye doun-riȝt  and dwelle in peyne after . Ȝif þat þei touched a tre  and þe fruit eten . Adam afterwarde  aȝenes his defence . Frette of þat fruit and forsoke as it were . Þe loue of oure lorde and his lore bothe . And folwed þat þe fende tauȝte  & his felawes wille .R.18.202: Hereafter, alpha omits a line preserved in beta and in most C version witnesses: Aȝeines resoun I riȝtwisnesse recorde þus with treuth. A related problem is that the single best B witness, manuscript L, reads I rather than and in the middle of the line, a superior choice also attested by a select group of the C manuscripts (XYcI). Þat here peyne be perpetuel  & no preyere hem helpe . For-thi late hem chewe as þei chose  & chide we nauȝte sustres . For it is botles bale  þe bitte þat þei eten . ¶ AndR.18.206: L and Y join R in merely implying, rather than stating, the pronoun subject here, but F agrees with the other beta copies in reading explicitly And I shal. Cx agrees with F and the beta majority. schal preie preue R.18.206: R's preie is an alpha variant. Beta has preue. Cx agrees with alpha. quod pees  here peyne mote haue ende . And wo into wel  mowe wende at þe laste . For þeihad þei wisteR.18.208: Beta reads had þei wist. Almost certainly alpha omitted had since the only evidence for it in that family is in the form of a supralinear correction in the scribal hand of F, which, as a result, reads þey hadde wiste. Cx agrees with beta. of no wo  wele hadde þei nauȝte knowe . For no wiȝt wote what wele is  þat neuere wo suffrede . Ne what is hote hungere  þat hadde neuere defaute . ¶ If no niȝt ne were  no man as I leue . Schuld witte witterly  what day is to mene . Schuld neuere riȝt riche man  þat lyueth in reste and ese . Wite what wo is  ne were þe deth of kende . So god þat bigan alle  of his gode wille . Bycam man of a mayde  mankende to saue . And suffreR.18.217: R's error here (Bx = suffred) is almost unique, being shared only with Cr2-3. Cx agrees with the B majority. to be solde  andtoR.18.217: For alpha's and, beta reads to. Cx agrees with beta. se þe sorwe of deyinge . Þe whiche vnknitteth alle care  and comsynge is of rest . For til modicum mette with vs  I may it wel auowe . Wote no wiȝte as I wene  what is nouȝteynoughR.18.220: R's is nouȝte is unique; F shows it is, while beta has is ynough. Cx agrees with beta, reading is ynow. to mene . Forthi god of his godenesse  þe furste gome adam . Sette hym in solace  and in souereyne ioyemyrthe .R.18.222: Beta has myrthe in place of alpha's ioye. Cx agrees with beta. And sitthen he suffred hym synegeR.18.223: R's synege is a unique form here; cf. R.17.242:.  sorwe to fele . To wite what wele iswasR.18.224: Beta has the past form, was. Cx agrees with beta.  kendeliche to knowe it . And after god auntred hym-selue  & toke adames kende . To wite what he hath sufred in thre sundri places . Bothe in heuene and in herthe  and nowe til helle he thenketh . To wite what alle wo is  þat wote of alle ioye . ¶ So it schal fare be þis folke  here foly and here synne . Schal lere hem what langoure is  and blisseR.18.230: R's blisse agrees only with G; F omits the word, merging this b-verse with the next line, while beta has lisse. Cx agrees with beta. with-outen ende . Wote no wiȝte what werre is  þere þat pees regneth . Ne what is witterly wele  til weyleweye hym teche . ¶ Þanne was þere a wiȝte  with to brode eyȝes . Boek hiȝte þat bewpere  a bolde man of speche . By godes body quod þis boke  I wil bere witnesse . Þat þo þis barne was I-bore  þere blased a sterre . Þat alle þe menwyseR.18.237: Alpha's men breaks the alliterative pattern of the a-verse; cf. beta's wyse. Cr may have consulted both alpha and beta copies and tried to split the difference with its wise men. Cx agrees with beta. inof þis worlde  in o witt acordeden . Þat swilk a barn was yborn  in bethlem þeR.18.238: R's þe is supported only by W; all other B copies, including F, omit it. However, Cx agrees with RW on the presence of þe here. cite Þat mannes soule schulde saue  and synne destuyedest[r]uyedestroye . And alle þe elementz quod þe boke  here-of bereth witnesse . Þat he was god þat alle wrouȝte  þe walkne furste schewede . Þo þat weren in heuene  token stella comata . And tendeden here as a torche  to reuerencen his burthe . Þe liȝte folwed þe lorde  in-to þe lowe erthe Þe water witnesseth þat he was god  for he wente on it . Peter þe apostle parceyued his gate . And as he wente on þatþeR.18.247: R's þat is unique; the other B witnesses have þe. Cx agrees with the B majority. water  wel hym knewe and seyde . Iube me venire ad te super aquas . And lo how þe sonne gan lokelouke  hire liȝte in hire-selue . Whan sche sey hym suffre  þat sonne and moneseR.18.250: Beta reads se in place of alpha's mone. Cx agrees with beta. made . Þe erthe for heuynesse  þat he wolde suffre . Quakede as quikke thynge  & al biquaschebiquashtR.18.252: R's biquasche is an alpha variant; beta shows a preterite form, biquasht. Though many C manuscripts agree with beta on the tense of the verb (= toquasched), the best X family copies, as well as some in the P family, read toquasch, agreeing with alpha. þe roche . Lo helle miȝte nouȝte holde  but opnede þo god tholed . And lete oute symondes sones  to sen hym hange on rode . And now schal lucifer itlucifer [lese] itlucifer leue itR.18.255: R uniquely omits an essential word at this point; the beta manuscripts read leue while F reads leese. Cx agrees with beta.  þow hym lothe thenke .R.18.255: Immediately hereafter, alpha omitted the following lines from Bx: For gygas þe geaunt with a gynne engyned To breke & to bete dounn þat ben aȝeines ihesus. A revised version of these two lines appears in the C version. And I boek wil be brente  but ihesus rise to lyue . In alle miȝtes of anil manR.18.257: Beta omits the determiner, reading simply of man.  and his moder gladie . And conforte al his kyn  and oute of care brynge . And alle þe iewene ioye  vnioynen and vnlouken . And but þei reuerencen  his rode & his resurreccioun . And bileue on a newe lawe  be lost lif and soule . ¶ Suffre we seide treuthe  I here and se bothe . AHow aR.18.263: Beta begins this line with How a; Cx agrees with alpha in omitting How. spiriȝt speketh to helle  and bitt vnsperre þe ȝates . Attollite portasportas &c  a uoys loude in þat liȝt  to lucifer crieth .R.18.264: Beta reads this passage as two lines, dividing alpha's line between the Latin and the English. Though most C manuscripts agree with the line division of beta, some of the best X family witnesses (XIP2K) agree with alpha. Princes of þis place  vnpinneth & vnlouketh . For here cometh with croune  þat kynge is of glorie . ¶ Þanne siȝedeR.18.267: Alpha's form (i.e., R's siȝede), though semantically identical to beta's syked, was sufficiently unfamiliar to the F scribe to cause him to flounder, producing seyde. However, Cx's syhed is clearly identical to alpha (phonologically) and distinct from beta. sathan  and seide to hellehem alle . Swiche a liȝte aȝeynes oure leue  lazar it fette . Kare and combraunce  is come to vs alle . If þis kynge come in  mankende wil he fecche . And lede hemitR.18.271: Beta reads it in place of alpha's hem. Cx agrees with beta. þere lazar ishym lyketh  and liȝtliche me bynde . Patriarkes and prophetes  han parled here-of longe . Þat swhich a lorde and a liȝte  schalshuldeR.18.273: For alpha's schal, beta reads shulde. Although a few C manuscripts support beta, Cx agrees with alpha. lede hem alle hennes . ¶ Listeneth quod lucifer  for I þis lorde knowe . Bothe þis lorde and þis liȝte  is longe ago I knewe hym . May no deth þis lordehymR.18.276: For alpha's phrase, þis lorde, beta reads hym. Cx agrees with alpha. dere  ne no deueles queyntise . And where he wil is weyehis wayeR.18.277: R uniquely omits a word here; all but one of the other B copies, including F, read is his waye; Bm transposes to his is. Cx agrees with the B majority.  ac ware hym of þe perils . If he reue me ofnilR.18.278: Beta apparently omitted of. But Cr agrees with alpha on the presence of this preposition; Cx concurs. my riȝte  & robbehe robbethR.18.278: For alpha's & robbe, beta reads he robbeth. Cx agrees with beta. me be maistrie . For be riȝt and be resoun  þe renkes þat ben here . Body and soule be myne  bothe gode and ille . For hym-self seide  þat sire is of heuene . ÞatnilR.18.282: Beta omits Þat. ȝif adam eteete þe appleR.18.282: R uniquely omits þe apple from the end of this a-verse.  alle schulde deye  And dwelle with vs deueles  þis thretynge he made . AndAnd heR.18.284: R uniquely omits he from the Bx phrase And he þat. Bx was already lacking an alliterating initial stave. þat sothenesse is  seide þese wordes . And I sitthen I-sessedR.18.285: The readings of alpha and of Bx are doubtful here. Cf. F's Sytthe y was sesed. Beta reads And sitthen I seised.þise seueseuen hundreth wynter . I leue þat lawe nil nauȝte  late hym þe leste . ¶ Þat is soth seide sathan  but I me sore drede . For þow gete hem with gile  and his gardyn breke . And in semblaunce of a serpent  sete on þe appeltre . And eggedest hem to ete  eue be hire-sulue . And toldest hire a tale  of tresoun were þe wordes . And al-sosoR.18.292: R's al-so is the alpha reading; beta has so. The X family of C agrees with beta. The P family reads Thus at this point. þow haddest hem oute  and hider atte laste . It is nouȝt greythely gete  þere gile is þe rote . For god wil nouȝt be bigiled  quod gobelyn ne be-iapede . We han no trewe tilyleti[t]yletitle to hem  for þoruȝ tresoun were þei dampned . Sertes I drede me quod þe deuel  lest treuthe wil hem fecche . ¶ Þis thretty winter as I wene  he wente aboutehath he goneR.18.297: Cf. alpha's he wente aboute to beta's hath he gone. Beta's reading is obviously defective in alliteration. Cx agrees here with alpha. & prechede . Ich haue assailed hym with synne  and somesometymeR.18.298: In place of alpha's some, beta reads sometyme. Cx agrees with beta. I asked .R.18.298: RF's basic agreement here attests that alpha read I asked (F reads the b-verse as summe y have hym asked). Cx agrees with R, reading ich askede. By contrast, beta (reflected by LMW) appears to have construed this form as a past-participle, yasked. Where he were god or godes sone  he gaf me schorte answere . In the right margin opposite these lines, there is a partially erased and illegible (under ultraviolet light) note in a near-contemporary hand. It is ten lines long: 4 lines + a signature line and then the same pattern repeated with the same signature, which might be Robert Smith or Robin Swift. And þus he hathhath heR.18.300: Beta transposes this phrase as hath he. Cx agrees with beta. trolled forth  þis to and thretty wynter And whan I seyȝ it was so  slepynge I wente . To warne pilates wif  what done man was ihesus . For iewes hateden hym  and han don hym to deth AndnilR.18.304: Beta omits the conjunction And. Cx agrees with beta. I wolde haue lengthed his lif  for I leueleuedR.18.304: This is an alpha reading; beta shows the preterite, leued. Cx agrees with beta. ȝif he deyede . Þat his soule walde nauȝtnilR.18.305: Beta omits nauȝt. suffre  no synne in his siȝte . For þe body while it on bones ȝede  aboute was euere . To saue men fram synne  ȝif hem-self wolde . And now I se where a soule  cometh hyderward sailynge . With glorie and& withR.18.309: Beta reads & with. Cx agrees with beta. grete liȝte  god it is I wote wel . I rede we fle quod he  fast alle hennes . For vs were better nauȝt be  þan biden his siȝte . For thi lesinges lucifere  lost is alle oure preye . ¶ Furst þoruȝ þe we felle  fram heuene so hiȝe . For we leuede þi lesynges  we loupen oute alle with þenil . These verses are attested only in alpha, beta having lost them by eyeskip. In addition, only R shows the final phrase of 314b, with þe. The C version attests the authenticity of alpha's phrases in a revised version, where the second of these half-lines is clearly derived from a source common with alpha (cf. Russell-Kane 20.348: And now for a later lesynge). And now for thi last lesynge  I-lore haue wewe haue adam . And al oure lordschippe I leue  a londe and a water . Nunc princeps mundi huiushuius mundiR.18.317: R here shows a unique transposition of the Bx phrasing, huius mundi. Cx agrees with B majority on the order of this phrase. eicitur foras .R.18.317: In the left margin, beginning at this point, the leaf was torn on an inward and downward diagonal for a space of some 5.5 cm.; it was long ago repaired by stitching. No text is affected. ¶ Efte þe liȝt bad vnlouke  and lucifer answered . What lorde art þow quod lucifer  quis est iste . Rex glorie þe liȝte seidesone seideþeAnd lord of miȝt & of man & alle maner vertues . Alpha obviously had a different arrangement of text here from the beta witnesses, which read: Rex glorie þe liȝte sone seide And lorde of myȝte & of mayne & al manere vertues. Dominus virtutum Dukes of þis dym place anon vndo þis ȝates.By contrast, R makes two lines of the passage, omits beta's sone before seide (as does F) and, with W, reads ma(n) for beta's mayne (F here reads man(er)e). F deviates from the line division found in R (which presumably reflects alpha) and abbreviates the passage, omitting Dominus virtutum. Dominus virtutum . DukDukesR.18.321: The singular is an alpha variant; beta has Dukes. Among the C manuscripts, the P family agrees with alpha while the X family agrees with beta. of þis dym place  anone vndo þis ȝates . Þat crist may come in  kyngesþe kyngesR.18.322: Here R shows a unique omission; the other B witnesses have þe kynges sone. Cx agrees with the B majority. sone of heuene . And with þat breth helle brastebrakeR.18.323: The beta variant here is brake, which agrees with the reading of Cx.  with belialles barres . For any wey or warde  wide opned þe ȝates . ¶ Patriarkes and prophetes  populus in tenebris . Songen seint Iohanes songe  Ecce agnus dei . Lucifer loke ne miȝte  so liȝt hym a-blente . And þo þat oure lorde loued  in-to his liȝt he lauȝte . And seide to sathan  lo here my soule to amendes . For alle synful soules  to saue þo þat be worthi . Myne þei ben and of me  I may þe bet hem cleyme . Alle-þouȝ reson recorde  and riȝt of my-sulue . Þat ȝif þei ete þe apple  alle schulde deye . I be-hiȝt hem nouȝt here  helle for euere . For þe dede þat þei dede  þi deseite it made . With gile þow hem gete  ageynes alle resoun . For in my paleis paradys  in persone of an addre . Falsliche þow fecchestfettest þere  þinge þat I louede . ¶ Þus I-like a lusarde  with a ladi visage . Theueliche þow me robbedest  þe olde lawe graunteth . Þat gilours be bigiled  and þat is gode resoun . Dentem pro dente et oculum pro oculo . Ergo soule schal soule quite  and synne to synne wende . And al þat man hath mys-do  I man wol amende itnilR.18.344: R's it is unique in line-terminal position and is entirely omitted by beta. Nevertheless, while R's phrasing here differs from F's, their common witness to the presence of the pronoun indicates that alpha's b-verse, unlike that of beta, attested it. Cx, which is revised here, also shows the pronoun in line-terminal position, reading to amenden it. . Membre for membre  be þe olde lawe was amendes . And lif for lif al-so  and be þat lawe I claymeclayme it . Adam and alle his issue  at my wille here-after . And at[þ]atþat deth in hem fordede  my deth schal releue . And bothe quik and quite  þat quent was þoruȝ synne . And þat grace gile destruyethdestruye  gode feith it asketh . So leue itI neuerenouȝteR.18.351: For alpha's neuere, beta reads nouȝte. Cx agrees with beta. lucifere  aȝeyne þe lawe I fecche hem . But bi riȝt and resoun  raunsoun here my leges . Non veni soluere legem sed implereadimplereR.18.353: R's verb here is unique; the other B manuscripts read adimplere. Cx also reads adimplere. Þow fetteste myne in my place  aȝeynes resounal resounR.18.354: In place of R's resoun, the beta phrase reads al resoun while F shows ryght & resoun. . Falsliche and felounliche  gode feith me it tauȝte . To recouer hem thoruȝ raunsoun  and be non resoun elles . So þat withþorwR.18.357: For L's and alpha's with, most beta witnesses have þorw. Among the C copies, the P family agrees with the beta error while most of the X family agrees with L and alpha. gile þow gete  þoruȝ grace it wasisR.18.357: Beta reads is. Cx agrees with beta. I-wonne . Þow lucifer in liknesse  of a lither addre . Gete be gile  þingþoeR.18.359: For alpha's þinge, beta reads þo. þat god louede . ¶ And I in liknesse of a lede  þat lorde am of heuene . Graciousliche þi gile haue quit  go gile a-gayne gile . And as adam and alle  thoruȝ a tre deyeden . . Adam and alle þoruȝ a tre  schule turnetorne aȝeineR.18.363: Beta reads torne aȝeine; Cx agrees with alpha. to lyue . And gile is begiled  and in his gile fallen  Et cecidit in foueam quam fecit . Now begynneth þi gile  agayne þe to turnen . And my grace to growen  ay grettere and gretterewyder .R.18.367: Rather than repeat grettere as alpha does, beta reads wyder. Cx agrees with beta. Þe bitternesse þat þow hast browe  now brouke it þi-selue . Þat art dottourR.18.369: This form is unusual but not unparalleled; cf. R.13.117: of deth  drinke þat þow madeste .R.18.369: After this line, the R scribe failed to leave a blank line, his usual custom for dividing verse strophes. No reason beyond oversight is apparent. ¶ For I þat am lord of lif  loue is my drinke . And for þat drinke to-daye  I deyede vppon erthe . I fauȝte so me thurstesR.18.372: The verb form is that of alpha, but it also occurs in L; cf. the majority beta form þursteþ. The inflectional ending of Cx (= fursteth) agrees with the prevalent beta form. ȝut  for mannes soule sake . May no drinke me moiste  ne my threst slake . Til þe vendage falle  in þe vale of iosephath . Þat I drinke riȝt ripe most  resurrexio mortuorum . And þan schal I come as a kynge  crouned with angeles . And han oute of helle  alle mennes soules . ¶ Fendes and fendekynnes  bifor me schul stonde . And be at my bidynge  where-so-euere me liketh . AcAndR.18.380: R's Ac is unique among the B witnesses; F has But while beta reads And. However, Ac is also the reading of Cx. merciableto be merciableR.18.380: R's reading is unique, presumably because alpha here suffered a loss of text; cf. beta's to be merciable." F weakly attempts a repair with not so merciable. Cx agrees with beta. to man   my kende þanneþanne my kynde itR.18.380: Beta shows a transposed form of R's phrase: þanne my kynde. F rephrases the entire b-verse as my keende may not aske. Cx agrees with beta. asketh . For we beth bretheren of blode  but nouȝte in bapteme alle . Ac alle þat beth myn hole bretheren  in blode and in bapteme . Schal nouȝt be dampned to þe deth  þat is with-outen ende . Tibi soli peccauipeccaui &c . It is nouȝt vsed oninR.18.385: R's preposition is unique; the other B witnesses show in. Nevertheless, though a few C manuscripts support the B majority reading, Cx agrees here with R. erthe  to hangen a feloun . Ofter þen ones  þouȝ he were a tretour . And if þe kynge of þat kyngedom  come in þat tyme . Þere þe felon thole shulde  deth or other-wise . Lawe wolde he ȝaf hym lif  andifR.18.389: In place of alpha's and, beta reads if. Cx agrees with alpha. he loked on hym . And I þat am kynge of kynges  schal come suche a tyme . Þere dome to þe deth  dampneth alle wikked . And ȝif lawe wil I loke on hem  it lyth in my grace . Whether þei deye or deye nauȝte  for þat þei deden ille . Be it any-thinge abouȝte  þe boldenesse of here synnes . I maynilR.18.395: L here uniquely joins the alpha reading (the other beta copies omit may). Cx agrees with alpha and L. do mercy þoruȝ riȝtwisnesse  and alle my wordes trewe . And þouȝ holy writ wil IR.18.396: In place of R's wil I, beta reads wil þat I. Cx agrees with beta. be wroke  of hem pat deden ille . Nullum malum inpunituminpunitum &c . Þei schul be clensed clereliche  & waschen of here synnes . In my prisone purgatorie  til parce it hote . And my mercy schal be schewed  to many of my bretheren .R.18.400: There is a long, superfluous bar extending from above the <-en> of bretheren far into the right margin beyond the vertical ruling. For blode may suffre blode  bothe hungri and akale . Ac blode may nouȝte se hisnilR.18.402: Beta omits his. Cx agrees with beta. blode  blede but hym rewe . Audiui archana verba  que non licet homini loqui . Ac my At the beginning of these two lines there is a slight ink stain from offset of the Bodleian ownership stamp in the margin of 96r. riȝtwisnesse and riȝte  schal reulen alle helle . And mercy al mankende  by-for me in heuene . For I were an vnkende kynge  but I my kynkyndeR.18.406: Beta reads kynde. Cx agrees with beta. holpe . And namelich at swich a nede  þere nedes helpe bihoueth . Non intres in iudicium cum seruo tuo . Þus be lawe quod oure lorde  lede I wil fram hennes . Þo þat ImeR.18.410: For alpha's I, beta reads me. Cx agrees with alpha. louede  & leuede in my comynge . And for þi lesinge lucifer  þat þow loweR.18.411: This form, found in alpha and L, is an obsolete past tense and past participle of LIE (= "to tell an untruth"); the majority beta reading, leighe, is substantively the same. Cx's form for this verb is the same as in alpha and L. to eue . Þow schalt a-bye it bittere  and bonde hym with cheynes . Astarot and alle þe route  hudden hem in hurnes . Þei durst nauȝt loke on oure lorde  þe boldest of hem alle . But leten hym lede forth  what hym liked  & lete what hym lyste . Many hundreth of angeles  harpeden and songen . Culpat caro purgat caro regnat deus dei caro . Þanne pipede pees  of poysye a note .☞ Clarior est solitussolitoR.18.419: R's uninflected form of this word is unique; the other B copies read solito. Cx agrees with the B majority.  post maxima nebula phebus .R.18.419: In the left margin opposite this line, there is a pointing hand, drawn in black ink. Post inimicicias  clarior est et amor . After scharpestsharpeR.18.421: Beta reads sharpe. Though a few C manuscripts concur with beta's reading, Cx agrees with alpha's scharpest. schoures  quod pes  moste schene is þe sonne .desuntR.18.422: In the bottom right margin of this page, there is a symbol resembling a modern script capital H, beneath which is written the word desunt in what appears to be an early-modern italic hand. The note was clearly intended to draw attention to the textual gap that occurs here. Leaves including the last twenty-three lines of Passus 18, all of Passus 19, and the first twenty-six lines of Passus 20 were detached from R and lost long ago. Is no weder warmer  þan after wateri cloudes .